Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder that causes recurrent seizures. The condition was once commonly known as “epilepsy,” but the term was changed to reduce the social stigma that comes with it. Despite advancements in treatment, misconceptions about epilepsy persist in society.
There are several early warning signs (auras) that may indicate an impending seizure. Before discussing these symptoms, it is essential to understand the causes and main symptoms of epilepsy. The human brain is an incredibly complex structure, where billions of brain cells exchange electrical signals, known as brain waves.
When these brain waves become abnormal for various reasons, it can lead to seizures. The causes of epilepsy are diverse, and in many cases, the exact cause cannot be identified. Known causes include brain trauma, brain tumors, stroke, central nervous system infections, developmental brain disorders, encephalitis, and genetics. According to the Epilepsy Foundation, about 60% of people with epilepsy have no known cause for their condition, while the remaining 40% may have identifiable causes.
The symptoms of an epileptic seizure can vary greatly depending on which part of the brain the abnormal brain waves originate from. Research published in The Lancet Neurology found that the location of seizure onset is crucial in determining the type and spread of the seizure. Below are the main symptoms that may appear:
- Tremors in a part of the body
- Repeated blinking of the eyes or hand tremors
- Sudden stop in movement and a blank stare
- Loss of consciousness and repetitive body movements
- Eyes rolling upward and severe convulsions
- Vomiting and nervousness as consciousness returns
As mentioned, the location of the abnormal brain waves determines whether the seizure affects only a part of the body or the entire body. What is crucial is that these symptoms are often preceded by early warning signs, or auras. Recognizing these signs and moving to a safe area beforehand can prevent injury during a seizure.
Early Warning Signs (Auras) to Watch For:
- Unusual smells perceived only by the individual
- Flashing lights in the field of vision
- Dizziness
- Sudden feelings of anxiety
- Discomfort in the abdomen
- Tingling in the hands and feet
A study published in the Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology found that most individuals with epilepsy report experiencing some form of aura before a seizure, with visual disturbances (flashing lights or tunnel vision) and olfactory hallucinations (unusual smells) being the most common. While the exact cause of epilepsy is still unclear, significant progress has been made in treatment. While a 100% cure is not always possible, approximately 30-40% of patients achieve complete remission. However, because epilepsy is a chronic condition, patients must remain patient and committed to long-term treatment.
Treatment and Seizure Management
In the past, people often mistakenly believed that a person experiencing a seizure was possessed by evil spirits or demons. This led to the renaming of the condition. In reality, with proper medication, individuals with epilepsy can live normal lives, just like anyone else.
When epilepsy is well-managed with medication, about 80% of patients experience complete relief from their symptoms. However, they must continue taking medication. A report from the Epilepsy Foundation notes that 70% of people with epilepsy can control their seizures with medication, but 30% continue to experience seizures despite treatment. Depending on the doctor’s assessment, medication may be discontinued after a period, and the patient’s progress will be monitored. In about 30-40% of cases, patients may be officially declared “cured” after discontinuing medication.
That said, not all patients respond to medication, and even those who do may experience seizures intermittently for several months. Therefore, it’s crucial to remember the early warning signs and respond appropriately when they appear. A study published in Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy found that a quick response to early symptoms can prevent injury and improve outcomes for people with epilepsy. If you experience flashes of light or unusual smells, dizziness, or overwhelming anxiety, immediately move to a safe area and either sit or lie down.
If there are hard or sharp objects nearby, remove them to prevent injury during the seizure. Support from those around you is also crucial. If a person starts having a seizure, lay them down in a comfortable position and turn their head slightly to the side. This helps prevent choking on saliva during the seizure.
There are many misconceptions about how to manage seizures. For example, some people mistakenly think that inserting an object into the mouth or forcing the person to drink water is helpful. These actions can be dangerous and may cause harm to the person. Inserting an object into the mouth can damage the teeth, and forcing someone to drink water can block their airway and pose a life-threatening risk.
Steps for Seizure Management:
- Move the person to a safe area to prevent injury.
- Once the seizure begins, lay the person down and gently turn their head to the side to clear the airway.
- Do not hold the person down or restrict their movements. Instead, loosen any tight clothing, such as belts, ties, buttons, or zippers, to help with their breathing.
- Most seizures last about 5 minutes. During this time, stay by their side and monitor their condition. If the seizure continues for more than 5 minutes or if the person doesn’t regain consciousness, immediately call emergency services.
In conclusion, while the term “epilepsy” was once used, it is important to understand that proper treatment can lead to a normal, productive life for those affected. Although a full cure is not always possible, modern treatments allow for effective management of the condition. If you or someone you know has been diagnosed with epilepsy, the key is consistent treatment and recognizing early warning signs to ensure proper care and safety.